类人猿行动

改编自刺杀捷克斯洛伐克总督海因里希的事件。 看电影要懂历史。 二战中，英国人并没有刺杀德国军官或者执政官的传统，那么为什么偏偏要刺杀海因里希呢？ 因为在二战德国的仆从国中，奥地利和匈牙利是自家人，保加利亚和罗马尼亚以及芬兰是自愿入伙；波兰与南斯拉夫是被强迫占领的，民间一直在抵抗；唯有捷克斯洛伐克比较特殊，是在半推半就中被德国占领的。捷克优秀的工业基础全部成了德国的资源，知道捷克式轻机枪吗？ 所以，在捷克斯洛伐克和德国之间搞点事情，流点血，让捷克人与德国人之间的关系变坏，是符合英国利益的。 这次暗杀之后，很快就有了德国人报复的利迪策大屠杀事件。 电影最后，德国人围攻教堂，简直是神来之笔，可以与抗日神剧相比，五六个英国来的捷克籍伞兵，干掉了20多个围攻的德国兵。 这剧情，英国出钱了吧！

1、伞兵们抵抗到最后一刻以及捷克人民冒着生命危险保护祖国的英勇壮举永垂不朽。

2、政府居然流亡海外，真是和法国有的一拼。一个流亡海外的，几乎没有在本土组织过有效抵抗的，一个月内沦丧全国的，二百五政府居然还有脸派人来在自己的国境刺杀纳粹高官？？这是多不知羞耻啊！

3、一个法定政府最后沦落到搞暗杀，甚至搞暗杀都来不及培养专业人员。这个政权不是刚刚组织成立力量不足，就是江河日下快要玩儿完。捷克流亡政府显然属于后者。

4、把国家防卫交给别国，慕尼黑协议和捷克斯洛伐克的陷落就是前车之鉴。从前一样，现在也一样。

基于真实历史拍摄的影片，围绕刺杀纳粹头目莱因哈德-海德里希而展开，残酷而悲壮的故事。

在国内可以看到的二战时期德占领土的电影，其中有些多少美化了纳粹。在这部片子里可以看到他们非人类的面目、非人类的手段。 而观众更可以看到的是，形形色色的捷克百姓参与到反抗侵略者奴役的战斗中，即使他们中有的人本来也有懦弱的一面。 七个空降兵战斗到生命最后一刻，并将最后一颗子弹留给自己，令人动容； 而普通的抵抗者特别是被纳粹打得满脸是血的老太太，即使本能害怕得失禁也没供出刺杀者，而是选择吞药自尽……

不满意的地方不是原片本身，而是中文字幕版为什么开头一两句英文字幕没翻译全？看英文字幕，明明是在慕尼黑举办的一次希特勒和法英意领导人的会议上，希特勒威胁不把捷克给德国就发动战争，怎么中文字幕只余下希特勒在慕尼黑举办了一个会议，威胁……？

曾经到美丽的捷克美丽的布拉格旅游，对那里的文化、风情、人民留下了美好的印象。 致敬为反法西斯而献身的捷克英雄儿女。打五星有感情分。

电影基于历史事实拍摄而成，这儿就顺带着介绍下相关的史实资料以供参考，基本信息来源于维基百科。 刺杀对象，莱因哈德·海德里希（德语：Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich），（1904年3月7日－1942年6月4日），第二次世界大战期间纳粹德国高官，纳粹大屠杀的主要执行者之一，曾任党卫队上级集团领袖及警察总长、国家安全部部长（管辖盖世太保、刑事警察及保安局）及波希米亚和摩拉维亚保护国副总督／执行总督，亦曾担任国际刑警委员会（后改称国际刑警组织）主席，并召开了1942年的万湖会议，制订了犹太人问题的最终解决方案，推动了德占欧洲地区内对犹太人的驱逐和种族灭绝。 许多史学家认为海德里希是纳粹高层中最为黑暗的角色；有“布拉格屠夫”、“波希米亚死神”、“纳粹斩首官”、“第三帝国的黑王子”等恐怖至极的称号，甚至阿道夫·希特勒亦称其为“铁石心肠之人”。海德里希为党卫队保安局创始人，负责通过逮捕、驱逐和谋杀以挫败反纳粹党活动。他参与筹划了“水晶之夜”，于1938年11月9日至10日组织冲锋队及其他平民在纳粹德国全境及奥地利部分地区对犹太人展开袭击，亦为大屠杀的起始事件之一。在抵达布拉格之后，海德里希试图巩固纳粹统治，压迫捷克文化，并大量驱逐和屠杀抵抗运动成员。他亦为别动队的直接负责人——该组织跟随德国军队活动，透过射击及毒气杀害了超过200万人，包括130万犹太人。 【计划】 作战计划由英国特种作战部门（Special Operations Executive, SOE）于1941年10月20日开始筹划准备，代号定名为“猿人”（ANTHROPOID）。 捷克籍陆军准尉约瑟夫·盖伯瑟克（Jozef Gabčík）和上士卡罗·斯弗波达（Karel Svoboda）被选定执行暗杀任务。计划原订于1941年10月28日执行，那天同时也是捷克斯洛伐克的独立纪念日。但斯弗波达在受训时头部受伤，旋即由詹·库比兹（Jan Kubiš）代替。由于这个意外，作战必须延期执行，库比兹也没有时间接受完整训练【这也解释了为什么在电影里一开始库比兹没能开枪并十分紧张，需要盖伯瑟克的辅导和鼓励】。 【潜入】 1941年12月28日晚间十点，盖伯瑟克与库比兹登上英国皇家空军138中队的海利法克斯轰炸机（Handley Page Halifax），同行的尚有七名流亡英国的捷克军人，以及另外两支负责其他任务的小队，分别称为银A（Silver A）与银B（Silver B）。飞机于布拉格东边的内维兹第（Nehvizdy）降落。原始计划的降落地点在皮尔森，但驾驶在判断方位时出了问题，一行人便只好在落地后继续往皮尔森前进。他们在皮尔森与盟军的接应人员取得联络，随后直驱布拉格展开暗杀行动。 作战成员在布拉格接触了一些地下反纳粹组织，得到不少帮助。盖伯瑟克与库比兹一开始想要在火车上刺杀海德利希，但在实地勘察后，他们发现计划并不可行。第二个想法是在海德里希搭车前往布拉格时，在路上或森林中暗杀他。两人在路上拉起缆线，准备拦截海德里希的座车。布置完成数小时后，指挥两人的中尉阿道夫·欧珀卡（Adolf Opálka）驱车前来，出身于捷克地下抗暴组织外距（Out Distance）的他将盖伯瑟克与库比兹带回布拉格，并告知他们作战已变，改采第三计划：在布拉格暗杀海德里希。 【暗杀】 1942年5月27日早上10点30分，海德里希一如往常地从潘内斯科·布列札尼（Panenské Břežany）的住家前往布拉格城堡（Prague Castle）。盖伯瑟克与库比兹在布洛卡医院附近的电车站伺机而动，瓦瑟克（Valčik）则位于两人北方一百米处负责通报情况。当海德里希的敞篷奔驰驶近两人时，盖伯瑟克迅速冲至车前试图开火，然而他的斯登冲锋枪却卡弹了。海德里希于是命其司机，党卫队上士克莱因停车，掏出手枪欲结果盖伯瑟克。

海德里希当时之座车，可看见榴弹破坏了右挡泥板

此时库比兹将改造的反坦手榴弹朝车上猛砸；炸裂的碎片划破右挡泥板，连同座椅碎屑深深嵌入海德里希体内。爆炸后，库比兹受伤逃走，克莱因追了上去。海德里希第一时间未发现自己受伤，仍下车向逃跑的盖伯瑟克开火，但不久即因伤势过重而放弃。克莱因未能追到库比兹，回来后又奉命去追盖伯瑟克，结果被逃跑者用左轮手枪打中两次，失败归来。另一方面，由于未能当场毙命目标，盟军也初步认定作战失败。 海德里希被送往2.5公里外的布洛卡医院，接受了霍堡医师的紧急手术。霍堡出身西里西亚，时为布拉格查理大学外科主席。于一小时内，他处理了右肺部之气胸，移除碎裂的第七根肋骨前端，缝合撕裂之横膈膜，装设导尿管，最后取出卡着手榴弹碎片的脾脏。然而，党卫队首领希姆莱将其私人医师卡尔·盖伯哈特（Karl Gebhardt）送来。手术也因其当日下午的抵达而告一段落。29日后，党卫队的医师团完全接管了海德里希的治疗。术后治疗包括大剂量的吗啡注射，也谣传处方中含有磺胺（sulfanilamides），但盖伯哈特于1947年战犯大审中表示并没有。 在接连七天中，海德里希出现轻微的发烧及伤口流脓，但情况似乎逐渐好转。突然地，他陷入休克状态，更在第八天上午断气。医师团推论可能是伤口感染所致，也可能是脑或肺部的栓塞要了他的命。 后续： 【报复】 希特勒命令党卫队和盖世太保“蹚血翻遍波希米亚”抓到凶手，并想采用残忍的大屠杀作为开端。惟经过讨论后，他将屠杀规模减少至数千人，以维持捷克地区有足够人力投入军事工业。超过1万3000人在这波行动中被逮捕，包括库比兹的女友安娜·玛莉诺娃，她死在茅特豪森-古森集中营（Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp）中。

瓦瑟克的悬赏海报

报纸报导海德里希暗杀事件与宣布戒严，1942年5月28日

利迪策大屠杀，1942年6月

报复行动中最为恶名昭彰的莫过于利迪策事件。希特勒的党卫军第七武装山地师「欧根亲王」师借口利迪策村包庇刺客，导致这个小村庄在1942年6月9日毁灭，199名男性村民被处死、95名幼童被捉走（其中德国家庭领养了8名）、195名女性村民被逮捕。战后，捷克政府在利迪策村修建了墓碑以纪念那些无辜的死难者。利迪策惨案也成为后来国际儿童节的渊源，因为惨案中有88名儿童被杀，而刚出生的婴儿就被强行送到德国家庭收养。 捷克流亡政府并未料到纳粹会做出如此大规模以“集体责任”为借口的血腥报复。但他们也承认就激起捷克人民反抗心而言，这次屠杀算是可接受的代价。温斯顿·丘吉尔在听闻惨剧后大怒，扬言纳粹每毁灭一个捷克村落，同盟国便回敬攻击3个德国村落。而同盟国在事后也未放弃暗杀纳粹高层的计划，猿人作战两年后，他们更大胆地将目标设为阿道夫·希特勒，计划订名为福斯利作战（Operation Foxley），最后遭到取消。因此猿人作战是唯一针对纳粹高层的盟军作战。 其他暗杀作战还有波兰反抗军暗杀纳粹国民政府官员的库切拉作战（Operation Kutschera）、布克尔作战（Operation Bürkl），以及白俄罗斯总长威廉·库彼（Wilhelm Kube）为佣人所暗杀一事。 暗杀者最初躲藏于两个布拉格家庭中，之后转往圣济利禄暨圣默多狄大教堂寻求庇护。盖世太保遍寻不着，直到外距的成员卡莱尔·可达被捕，并在100万帝国马克赏金的诱惑下供出当地接应人员的姓名。可达的背叛造成大量庇护家庭遭到袭击。以莫拉维克一家为例，6月17日清晨5点，盖世太保冲进公寓并要他们站在走廊等待。莫拉维克太太被允许去上厕所，旋即服下氰化物自杀。莫拉维克先生则同其儿子阿塔被带往培瑟克宫（Peček Palác），当时盖世太保于捷克之总部。阿塔在里面遭到刑求，更痛苦的是见到母亲的头颅在鱼缸中载浮载沉，最后他无可奈何，言其所知。 党卫队在得知暗杀者所在地后，马上包围了教堂。然而在700多名德国士兵攻坚下，志士们皆奋战至死。其中3名，包括暗杀海德里希的库比兹，在两小时的枪战后，于祷告阁楼中被杀（亦有传闻指出库比兹突围成功，但在逃出后伤重不治）。另外4名则在击退一波党卫队攻势后，全员在地窖内自杀，其中包括盖伯瑟克。整个攻坚过程中，德军动用了烟熏逼出与消防车水攻，却仍无法抓到活口。事后党卫队的伤亡人数众说纷纭，民间传闻14死21伤，党卫队的官方数字为0死5伤。无论如何，志士们以小口径手枪和配备机枪榴弹之德军对峙了两小时，仍属不易。

圣济利禄暨圣默多狄大教堂的纪念碑

哥拉德主教为了保护教堂的其他人员，将庇护志士的责任一肩扛起，甚至写信向纳粹官方自首，但情势已无法挽回。1942年9月4日，大教堂的所有神父被枪决，而哥拉德主教高贵精神不减，东正教会稍后追封其为殉难者。 【政治后果及其他影响】 英法两国在作战成功后将慕尼黑协议作废，两国政府同意战后苏台德区将回归捷克斯洛伐克。 纳粹官方为海德里希举行了两场大型丧礼。一场在布拉格，往布拉格城堡的路上排满了举着火炬的党卫队队员；另一场在柏林举行，纳粹高官全部出席，希特勒更追赠德意志勋章及血盟勋章。 卡莱尔·可达在1947年被捕，并以叛国罪名处死。 【其他】 1943年的电影刽子手亦死（Hangmen Also Die）和希特勒的狂人（Hitler's Madman）、1964年安特塔（Atentat）、1975年的破晓行动（Operation Daybreak）均以猿人作战为题材。而破晓行动又改编自1966年艾伦·柏吉斯所撰《破晓七勇士》（Seven Men at Daybreak）。 在音乐方面，这段历史启发了摇滚乐团写下美好明日（A Lovely Day Tomorrow）。捷克乐团The Ecstasy of St. Theresa之后以捷克语（Zítra Bude Krásný Den）及英语翻唱此曲，收录于2004年发行，总数1942张的限量纪念CD中。美国超级杀手合唱团所写的SS-3，曲名则来自海德里希的党卫队编号。 斯洛伐克国家博物馆在2007年5月开幕以纪念捷克斯洛伐克境内掀起的，德军占领区中最重要的持续抗暴行动。英国莱明顿镇（捷克自由军驻扎地之一）的杰弗森花园中也设置了一个小喷泉，以缅怀这群流落异乡者的勇敢无惧。

我说：

使用Google浏览器有翻译功能，目测可以翻译后中文可以保持较准确的原意。

A famous person said: history is always similar to be seen in multiple events along the historical river.

So a series of arrows will eventually point to the single event through various facts and documents. This event may be ranged shortly among very short moment or a long historical stage.

This paper will focus on the history from the film ‘Anthropoid’ through investigating and collecting information as to give a clear, equal and unbiased appearance towards every main characters in the film. Additionally, this paper will focus on the eventsappeared in this film.

WWII Europe 1941-1942 Map

Before introducing the event of Operation Anthropoid which is the original event in the film, we should firstly introduce the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.

Czechoslovakia during 1918-1938

Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was a protectorate of Nazi Germany established on 16 March 1939 following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia on 15 March 1939. Czechoslovakia was firstly demanded to give the control of the Sudetenland to Adolf Hitler in September 1938. And on 26 September 1938, Britain and France ceded control in the Appeasement at the Munich Conference, which was finally known by the world, the Munich Agreement. Additionally, the remainder (“rump”) of Czechoslovakia was invaded and divided into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the puppet Slovak State.

Until to the date on 27 September 1941, Reinhard Heydrich, the aim of Operation Anthropoid, was appointed Deputy Reich Protector of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and assumed control of the territory.

Reinhard Heydrich

Due to the reason that Hitler, Himmler, and Heydrich felt the former protector Konstantin von Neurath’s “soft approach” to the Czechs had promoted anti-German sentiment and encouraged anti-German resistance via strikes and sabotage. Upon his appointment, Heydrich told his aides:

We will Germanize the Czeh vermin.

Heydrich came to Prague, the capital of Czech, to enforce policy, fight resistance to the Nazi regime, and keep up production quotas of Czech motors and arms that were “extremely important to the German war effort”. To realize his goals Heydrich demanded racial classification of those who could and could not be Germanized. He explained:

Making this Czech garbage into Germans must give way to methods based on racist thought.

During his rule by terrorizing the population of Protector before the date on December 1941, the date of starting the plan of Operation Anthropoid, Heydrich arrested estimated between 4,000 and 5,000 people. By 3 October 1941, the decision was taken by Czechoslovak military intelligence in London to kill Heydrich. This is the starting date of planning Operation Anthropoid.

Planning Operation

There are several reasons of planning to kill Heydrich. Firstly, he was one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany and an important figure in the rise of Adolf Hitler; he was given overall charge of the Final Solution (Holocaust) of the Jews in Europe. Secondly, killing him can help confer legitimacy on government-in-exile in London, as well as for retribution against Heydrich’s brutally efficient rule. The third reason is that, during the WWII, the resistance was active from the very beginning of occupation in several other countries defeated in open warfare, but the subjugated Czech lands remained relatively calm and produced significant amounts of materiel for Nazi Germany. The purpose of operation is to demonstrated to senior Nazis that they were not beyond the reach of allied forces and the resistance groups they supported. (Maybe this is the reason in the beginning screen that the locals want to sell the two intelligence to the Nazi. Some of the locals in Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia wanted to follow the rule by Nazi German rather than defeating. Another reason of selling was probably the terrorizing control by Heydrich.)

After starting the plan, Czechoslovak intelligence was trained by the British Special Operation Executive (SOE). Preparation began on 20 October 1941. the intelligence was selected from 2,000 exiled Czechoslovak soldiers based in Britain. In the training, one of the intelligence of operation was replaced by another person after the intelligence received a head injury during training. This replacement made the new intelligence named Jan Kubis had not completed training, nor had the necessary false documents been prepared for him. (The potential reason of operation “failure”) Another intelligence was Jozef Gabcik.

Insertion

On 28 December 1941, the intelligence, Gabcik and Kubis landed near the east of Prague and there was a mistaken landing due to the navigation problems of pilots. In Prague, they contacted several families and anti-Nazi organizations who helped them during the preparations for the assassination. Upon learning of the nature of the mission, resistance leaders begged the Czechoslovak government-in-exile to call off the attack, say that:

An attempt against Heydrich’s life... would be of no use to the Allies and its consequences for our people would be immeasurable. Benes, the head of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile in British, personally broadcast a message insisting that the attack go forward, although he denied any involvement after the war. Professor Voitech Mastny, an American historian of Czech descent, argues that

he clung to the scheme as the last resort to dramatize Czech resistance.

Gabcik and Kubis initially planned to kill Heydrich on a train, but after examination of the practicalities, they realized this was not going to be possible.

A second plan was to kill him on forest road that led from Heydrich’s home to Prague. They planned to pull a cable across the road that would stop Heydrich’s car but, after waiting several hours, their commander, Lt. Adolf Opalka who was a member of the Czech sabotage group Out Distance, a WWII anti-Nazi resistance group and a participant in Operation Anthropoid, came to bring them back to Prague.

A third plan was to kill Heydrich in Prague.

The Attack in Prague and Medical Treatment and Death of Heydrich

On 27 May 1942 at 10:30, Heydrich started his daily commute from his home in Paneske Brezany to his headquarters at Prague Castle. Gabcik and Kubis waited at the tram stop at a tight curve near Bulovka Hospital in Prague 8-Liben, where the curve would force the car to slow down. Josef Valcik, member of the Resistance from group Silver A, was positioned about 100 meters north of Gabcik and Kubis as lookout for the approaching car.

Heydrich's green, open-topped Mercedes 320 Convertible B reached the curve two minutes later. As Heydrich's car slowed, Gabčík stepped in front of the vehicle and tried to open fire with his Sten submachine gun, but it jammed and failed to fire. Instead of ordering his driver, SS-Oberscharführer Klein, to speed away, Heydrich called his car to halt and then stood up to shoot Gabčík with his Luger pistol. Kubiš then threw a modified anti-tank grenade (concealed in a briefcase) at the rear of the car as it stopped and its fragments ripped through the car's right rear fender, embedding shrapnel and fibres from the upholstery into Heydrich’s body, upon detonation, wounding him. Kubiš was also injured by the shrapnel.

Another of Heydrich’s Mercedes 320 Convertible B cars, similar to the one in which he was mortally wounded.

Heydrich staggered out of the car, apparently unaware of his shrapnel injuries, with his gun in his hand; Gabčík and Kubiš fired at Heydrich with their Colt M1903 pistols but, themselves shocked by the explosion, failed to hit him. Heydrich then chased Kubiš and tried to return fire. Kubiš jumped on his bicycle and pedaled away. Heydrich ran after him for half a block but became weak from shock and collapsed. Heydrich, still with pistol in hand, gripped his left flank, which was bleeding profusely. He ordered Klein to chase Gabčík on foot, saying "Get that bastard!". Klein chased him into a butcher shop, where Gabčík shot him twice with a pistol, severely wounding him in the leg. Gabčík then escaped in a tram, reaching a local safe house.Gabčík and Kubiš did not know that Heydrich was wounded, and were convinced the attack had failed.

A Sten submachine gun, Gabcik’s gun suffered from failure to feed. Czechoslovak paratroopers often complained about the low reliability of B

Late in the afternoon of 27 May, SS Karl Hermann Frank proclaimed a state of emergency and curfew in Prague. Anyone who helped the attackers was to be executed along their family. A search involving 21,000 men began and 36,000 houses were checked. By 4 June, 157 people had been executed as a result of the reprisals but the assassins had not been found and no information was forthcoming.

A Czech woman went to Heydrich's aid and flagged down a delivery van. He was placed in the back of the van, on his stomach, and taken to the emergency room at Bulovka Hospital. He had suffered severe injuries to his left side, with major damage to his diaphragm, spleen, and one of his lungs. A splenectomy was performed, and the chest wound, left lung, and diaphragm were all debrided.

Himmler ordered another doctor, Karl Gebhardt, to fly to Prague to assume care. Despite a fever, Heydrich's recovery appeared to progress well. Theodor Morell, Hitler's personal doctor, suggested the use of sulfonamide (a new antibacterial drug), but Gebhardt, thinking Heydrich would recover, declined the suggestion. On 2 June, during a visit by Himmler, Heydrich reconciled himself to his fate by reciting a part of one of his father's operas:

The world is just a barrel-organ which the Lord God turns himself. We all have to dance to the tune which is already on the drum.

Heydrich slipped into a coma after Himmler's visit and never regained consciousness. He died on 4 June; an autopsy concluded he died of sepsis which is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body’s response to infection causes injury to its tissues and organs.

Heydrich's assailants hid in safe houses and eventually took refuge in Ss. Cyril and Methodius Cathedral, an Orthodox church in Prague. After a traitor in the Czech resistance betrayed their location, the church was surrounded by 800 members of the SS and Gestapo. Several Czechs were killed, and the remainder hid in the church's crypt. The Germans attempted to flush the men out with gunfire, tear gas, and by flooding the crypt. Eventually an entrance was made using explosives. Rather than surrender, the soldiers killed themselves. Supporters of the assassins who were killed in the wake of these events included the church's leader, Bishop Gorazd, who is now revered as a martyr of the Orthodox Church.

Consequences

Infuriated by Heydrich's deathon 9 June, the decision was made to “make up for his death”, Hitler ordered the arrest and execution of 10,000 randomly selected Czechs. But after consultations with Karl Hermann Frank, he altered his response. The Czech lands were an important industrial zone for the German military, and indiscriminate killing could reduce the region's productivity. Hitler ordered a quick investigation. Intelligence falsely linked the assassins to the towns of Lidice and Ležáky. A Gestapo report stated that Lidice, 22 kilometres (14 mi) north-west of Prague, was suspected as the assailants' hiding place because several Czech army officers, then in England, had come from there and the Gestapo found a resistance radio transmitter in Ležáky.

On 9 June, after discussions with Himmler and Karl Hermann Frank, Hitler ordered brutal reprisals. Beginning on 10 June, all males over the age of 16 in the villages of Lidice and Ležáky were murdered. All the women in Ležáky were also murdered.

All but four of the women from Lidice were deported immediately to Ravensbrück concentration camp (four were pregnant – they were subjected to forced abortions at the same hospital where Heydrich had died and the women were then sent to the concentration camp). Some children were chosen for Germanization, and 81 were killed in gas vans at the Chełmno extermination camp. Both towns were burned and Lidice's ruins were levelled.[140][141] Overall, at least 1,300 Czechs, including 200 women, were killed in reprisal for Heydrich's assassination.

Additionally, under the Hitler’s ordering investigation and reprisals on the very day of the assassination attempt, more than 13,000 were arrested, including intelligence Jan Kubis girlfriend Anna, who subsequently died in the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp. First Lieutenant Adolf Opalka’s aunt Marie Opalkova was executed in the Mauthausen camp on 24 October 1942; his father Viktor Jarolim was also killed. According to one estimate, 5,000 people were murdered in the reprisals.

Furthermore, in the investigation, a deadline was publicly issued to the military and the people of Czechoslovakia for the assassins to be apprehended by 18 June 1942. If they were not caught by then, the Germans threatened to spill far more blood as a consequence, believing that this threat would be enough to force a potential informant to sell out the culprits. Many civilians were indeed weary and fearful of further retaliations, making it increasingly difficult to hide information much longer. The assailants initially hid with two Prague families and later took refuge in Karel Boromejsky Church, an Eastern Orthodox church dedicated to Sts. Cyril and Methodius in Prague. The Germans were unable to locate the attackers until Karel Čurda of the "Out Distance" sabotage group turned himself in to the Gestapo and gave them the names of the team's local contacts for the bounty of one million Reichsmarks which is a currency in Germany.

(Karel Curda was an active Czech Nazi collaborator during WWII. A solider of the Czechoslovak army in exile, he was parachuted into the protectorate in 1942 as a member of the sabotage group Out Distance. After the war, Curda was tracked down and arrested. Curda was found guilty of treason and hanged on 29 April 1947. In the alternative theory from Czech historian Plachy, he gave a different account of Curda’s personality and motives. The immediate aftermath of the assassination put Curda under huge pressure as he knew the Nazis could wipe out his whole family and village, just as they had wiped out Lidce and Lezaky, two villages. However, the problem with this theory is that the massacres in Lidice and Lezaky did not occur until almost a moth after Karel Curda’s betrayal. Thus, his betrayal was mainly due to the rewarding of selling out the names of intelligence agent.)

Čurda betrayed several safe houses provided by the Jindra group, including that of the Moravec family in Žižkov. At 05:00 on 17 June, the Moravec flat was raided. The family was made to stand in the hallway while the Gestapo searched their flat. Marie Moravec was allowed to go to the toilet, where she bit into a cyanide capsule and killed herself. Alois Moravec was unaware of his family's involvement with the resistance; he was taken to the Petschek Palace together with his 17-year-old son Ata, who was tortured throughout the day but refused to talk. The youth was stupefied with brandy, shown his mother's severed head in a fish tank, and warned that, if he did not reveal the information that they were looking for, his father would be next. Ata's strong willpower finally snapped, and he told the Gestapo what they wanted to know. Vlastimil "Ata" Moravec was executed by the Nazis in Mauthausen on 24 October 1942, the same day as his father, his fiancée, her mother and her brother were executed.

Waffen-SS troops laid siege to the church the following day, but they were unable to take the paratroopers alive, despite the best efforts of 750 SS soldiers under the command of SS-Gruppenführer Karl Fischer von Treuenfeld. Kubiš, Adolf Opálka, and Josef Bublík were killed in the prayer loft after a two-hour gun battle. (Kubiš was said to have survived the battle and to have died shortly after from his injuries.) Gabčík, Josef Valcik, Jaroslav Svarc and Jan Hruby committed suicide in the crypt after repeated SS attacks, attempts to force them out with tear gas, and Prague fire brigade trucks brought in to try to flood the crypt. The German SS and police suffered casualties, as well, with 14 SS allegedly killed and 21 wounded, according to one report, although the official SS report about the fight mentioned only five wounded SS soldiers. The men in the church had only small-caliber pistols, while the attackers had machine guns, submachine guns, and hand grenades. After the battle, Čurda confirmed the identity of the dead Czech resistance fighters, including Kubiš and Gabčík.

(Gabcik and the others, with the exception of Kubis, who was seriously wounded by a grenade, committed suicide before the Nazis could take them alive in the Church catacombs.

Jozef Gabcik

Kubis was wounded in the gun battle and died shortly after arrival at the hospital. In revenge, the Nazis murdered 24 family members and close relatives of Jan Kubis in the concentration camp.

Jan Kubis

Adolf Opalka was injured by shrapnel, committed suicide. Shortly after his departure, on his 27thbirthday, Opalka wrote of homesickness:

I'm 27 years old today, the entire trip I pondered upon the words "Longing for home is a terrible thing, I know". Yes, only now do I know and understand. And this "homesickness" of Božena Němcová, which I never understood, is nothing compared to my longing for home. I'm willing to suffer through, and do whatever it takes, but only home and home and to honestly work, work for something... How can some speak of beauty, when they've never seen Rešice and the fields from Kordula to Rešice, who never strolled through the warm dirt there, who never felt the warm air and over the grain fields, who never saw our chapel in the milk of white cherries, Husák's garden, which always reminded me of Sholokhov, especially the dirt lumps under the "vortex" and the "Bare Hill" and all the other places on all of which I am. Parts of me are all over the world. In England, little was left of me, maybe more in Scotland... 27 years of life behind me. Death for my homeland. With that I have dealt, and am ready to do what it takes.

Adolf Opalka

The other agents names are Josef Bublik, Jan Hruby, Josef Valcik and Jaroslav Svarc.)

Crypt of the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius, Prague.

Crypt of the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius, Prague.

Bishop Gorazd took the blame for the actions in the church, in an attempt to minimize the reprisals among his flock, and even wrote letters to the Nazi authorities, who arrested him on 27 June 1942 and tortured him. On 4 September 1942, the bishop, the church's priests, and senior lay leaders were taken to Kobylisy Shooting Range in a northern suburb of Prague and shot by Nazi firing squads. For his actions, Bishop Gorazd was later glorified as a martyr by the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Future Aftermath

Heydrich's replacements were Ernst Kaltenbrunner as the chief of RSHA, and Karl Hermann Frank (27–28 May 1942) and Kurt Daluege (28 May 1942 – 14 October 1943) as the new acting Reichsprotektors. After Heydrich's death, implementation of the policies formalised at the Wannsee conference he chaired was accelerated. The first three true death camps, designed for mass killing with no legal process or pretext, were built and operated at Treblinka, Sobibór, and Bełżec. The project was named Operation Reinhard after Heydrich.

文献全部摘自维基百科，由本人筛选和整理，主要出自如下：

Operation Anthropoid from Wikipedia

Reinhard Heydrich from Wikipedia

Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia from Wikipedia

Czechoslovakia from Wikipedia

German occupation of Czechoslovakia from Wikipedia

Lidice massacre from Wikipedia

Jozef Gabčík from Wikipedia

Jan Kubiš from Wikipedia

Adolf Opálka from Wikipedia

Karel Čurda from Wikipedia